Heat Stress: Symptoms, First Aid, & Prevention

Millions of U.S. workers are exposed to heat elements in their workplace each year. Hazardous heat exposure can occur both indoors, outdoors, and across multiple industries.

• 702 heat-related deaths occur each year
• 67,000 ER visits annually
• 50%-70% of heat-related deaths occur on a worker's first day on the job

Heat Stroke

It occurs when the body can no longer control its temperature. Heat stroke can cause permanent disability or death if the person does not receive emergency treatment.

Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion is the body’s response to an excessive loss of water and salt, usually through excessive sweating.

Rhabdomyolysis

Associated with heat stress and prolonged physical exertion, Rhabdo causes the rapid breakdown, rupture, and death of muscle. When muscle tissue dies, electrolytes and large proteins are released into the bloodstream. This can cause irregular heart rhythms, seizures, and damage to the kidneys.

Heat Syncope

Heat syncope is a fainting (syncope) episode or dizziness that usually occurs when standing for too long or suddenly standing up after sitting or lying. Factors that may contribute to heat syncope include dehydration and lack of acclimatization.

Heat Cramps

Heat cramps usually affect workers who sweat a lot during strenuous activity. This sweating depletes the body’s salt and moisture levels. Low salt levels in muscles cause painful cramps.

Symptoms of Heat Related Illness 

• Confusion, altered mental status, slurred speech

• Loss of consciousness, fainting

• Hot, dry skin or profuse sweating

• Seizures

• Headache

• Nausea

• Dizziness

• Weakness

• Elevated body temperature

• Muscle cramps, pain, or spasms in the abdomen, arms, or legs

First Aid

Never leave a worker with heat illness alone. The illness can take a rapid turn for the worse. When any signs are present, follow these steps:

• Remove the worker from the hot area and provide water

• Use cold compresses to cool the worker

• Provide the worker with a cooler environment and powder for areas where a rash is present

• Call 911 if the worker has lost consciousness or may be experiencing a seizure

Best Ways to Cool Down

• With a cold water or ice bath, if possible

• Wet the skin

• Place cold wet cloths on the skin

• Soak clothing with cool water

Prevent Heat Illness

According to the Center of Disease Control (CDC), the gradual intensity of the heat exposure could take 1-2 weeks for workers to acclimate. Follow these five tips to prevent worker heat exposure: 

1. Drink water - Drink water every 15 minutes in hot conditions
2. Dress for the heat - Wear light, loose-fitted, and light-colored clothing
3. Take breaks - Take frequent breaks in a cool, shaded place
4. Modified work schedule - Schedule shifts earlier in the day, especially for more physically demanding projects
5. Emergency planning - Create a plan for extreme heat and train workers on how to be helpful in an emergency

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