Pipe Marking Basics: Pipe Labeling Standards for Safety and Efficiency

Pipes can put people and facilities in danger if no one knows what's flowing through them. Pipe labels help provide essential information where it's needed most to keep everyone safe. A comprehensive pipe marking system can benefit all types of facilities to support safety programs. 

Clear and standardized pipe marking not only improves safety, but also boosts warehouse efficiency by ensuring that workers can quickly and accurately identify pipe contents and related hazards, reducing the risk of accidents and downtime. 

Common Pipe Marking Standards

The purpose of pipe marking is to communicate the contents of pipes and provide important details if specific hazards exist, like extreme temperatures or pressure. 

Pipe labels are also important for maintenance and emergency workers to help easily identify pipe contents to respond to issues quicker and safely. The pipe marking standard organizations choose will depend on their facility type and location. Some industries and jurisdictions will have additional legal requirements. 

Clear and standardized pipe marking labels support overall workplace efficiency. These labels enable workers to make informed decisions and take precautions during routine operations and emergencies by providing essential information about the contents and potential hazards of the pipes. 

Effective labels improve organizational communication and collaboration. Consistent labeling practices allow for all personnel, including contractors and visitors, to easily understand and navigate the facility's piping system. This creates a culture of safety and teamwork, where everyone plays a role in maintaining a secure and productive work environment.  

Compliance with pipe marking standards demonstrates a commitment to regulatory compliance and best practices. Organizations not only meet legal requirements but also demonstrate their dedication to safety and professionalism by aligning with industry standards. 

Implementing proper pipe marking is an investment in the well-being of employees, the efficiency of operations, and the reputation of the organization. Facilities can create a safer, more productive, and compliant workplace for everyone by prioritizing clear and consistent pipe labeling practices. 

Here's an overview of the most common pipe marking standards a variety of industrial facilities and industries use: 

General Pipe Marking: ANSI/ASME A13.1

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) offers a general approach for labeling piping systems in industrial and power plants in their Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems or ANSI/ASME A13.1. It's the broadest and most common pipe marking recommendation in the United States and is the foundation for most pipe labeling projects across multiple industries. 

It also applies to commercial and institutional facilities including buildings used for public assembly. However, it does not apply to buried pipelines or electrical conduits due to the different factors and regulations managing these systems. 

Is the Organization Outside of the United States? 

If a facility operates in the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, and beyond, it will need to follow relevant standards: 

• The United Kingdom pipe labeling guidelines are provided by organizations like the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or the British Standards Institution (BSI).  
• European countries implement standards outlined by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) or the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for marking and pipe identification labels. 
•  Australian standards and regulations for labeling are established by organizations such as Safe Work Australia or Standards Australia. 

OSHA's View on Pipe Labeling

OSHA does not have requirements for pipe labeling, although it's still a vital part of maintaining a safe workplace. Pipe labeling falls within the scope of OSHA's General Duty Clause, which covers all potential hazards in the workplace. 

In standard 1910.261(a)(3)(ii), OSHA recommends following ANSI/ASME A13.1 for best practices and labeling all pipes with their contents to help with general facility maintenance and communication. 

Facilities without pipe marking labels may be subject to a citation if the following apply: 

• Pipes containing potentially hazardous contents
  
• Pipes serves a safety purpose, as part of hazard prevention or emergency response 
• Pipes needed to redirect the flow, shut off, or adjust for maintenance or other necessary work. 
• The pipe or its contents affect procedures during an emergency. 

Confusion over pipe contents in these instances can result in injury and even death, which makes labeling crucial.  

Ammonia Pipe Marking: IIAR Bulletin 114

Facilities with ammonia refrigeration systems need to use pipe labels to improve the visibility of the system's parts to help reduce the chances of toxic ammonia exposure. 

The International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR) provides guidelines for labeling ammonia piping and components in their Identification of Ammonia Refrigeration Piping and Systems Components standard, or IIAR Bulletin 114. It breaks down the color scheme, label format, sizing recommendations, and abbreviations for pipe markers.  

These guideline components need to meet certain requirements to ensure labels properly convey the pipe’s contents: 

• Color scheme: The labeling of ammonia piping typically includes specific colors for different types of pipe contents set forth by the IIAR. For example, yellow is often used to indicate ammonia pipes, while other colors may be assigned for specific purposes like the direction of flow or warning of potential hazards. 
• Format: These are the details that should be mentioned and how it is laid out on the label. The information required on each label includes the name of the pipe contents, the direction of flow, and any relevant safety information. The format may include standardized templates or layouts to ensure consistency across pipe labeling efforts. 
• Sizing: These recommendations outline the right dimensions for pipe labels based on factors such as the diameter of the pipe and the distance to ensure the label can be easily read. 
• Abbreviations: Pipe markers may include commonly understood symbols or industry-specific abbreviations for pipe contents, system components, or safety messages. 

These label requirements align with ANSI/ASME A13.1 for consistency and serve as the preferred style to identify pipes that carry toxic contents like ammonia. 

A facility audit should be performed to assess the piping system and workplace challenges before conducting any marking. Once the pipe labeling standard is determined, it's time to understand the elements to include on the label. 

The Components of a Pipe Marking Label

Five elements make an effective pipe label, according to ANSI best practices. Luckily, most pipe marking standards use these same elements. 

1. Text  

Identify the pipe's contents by name, including any hazardous chemicals or substances present. Consider listing specific details of the contents if they have risks or require special handling. Safety information, such as handling instructions or emergency procedures, should be displayed on the pipe identification labels to guide workers in case of an accident.  

Include contact information for responsible personnel or departments for quick communication in case of emergencies. Lastly, note the installation date or last inspection to confirm the integrity of the pipe system. 

2. Size 

Choose an appropriate size label and text size so it can be easily seen and understood. ANSI A13.1 outlines minimum label and text sizes based on a pipe's outer diameter. Here's a chart with minimum size suggestions for pipe labeling: 

0.75 x 1.25 inches	1 x 8 inches	0.5 inches
1.25 x 2.0 inches	1 x 8 inches	0.75 inches
2 x 7 inches	2 x 12 inches	1.25 inches
7 x 10 inches	3 x 24 inches	2.5 inches
Over 10 inches	4 x 32 inches	3.5 inches

 

For pipes less than 0.75 inches in diameter, we recommend using permanent valve tags to identify them for the best visibility. 

3. Direction of Flow 

When applying pipe marking labels, it's important to show which way the substance inside is moving. Use arrows to point the direction of flow. If the contents can go both ways, put in more than one arrow. Make sure to mark where the pipe starts and ends, especially if it's part of a big system or has a lot of entry and exit points. Different-sized arrows or colors to show if the flow rate or pressure changes along the pipe can be used. 

Sometimes, extra symbols may be needed on the pipe labels to show things like turbulence or when the flow stops and starts. Colors can also be used to show when different fluids are flowing or if the flow changes direction at different points. Remember to include any special warnings about things like backflow or when flow needs to be controlled. These details help everyone understand how the pipes work and keep things running smoothly. 

4. Label Placement 

Always consider how someone will approach and view a pipe. Pipe labels must be visible from a person's point of normal approach. For example, if a pipe is directly overhead, apply the label below the center line. If the pipe is below eye level, apply the label above the center line for a clear view. 

Best practices for the most effective label placement include: 

• Every 50 feet on straight runs of pipe (or every 25 feet if more visibility is necessary) 
• On both sides of floor, wall, or ceiling penetrations 
• Next to all valves and flanges 
• Where pipes change direction 

Consistent label placement is key to ensuring that pipe marking labels are easily recognizable and reliably interpreted throughout the facility. Facilities can enhance safety and streamline operations by continually following these best practices while guiding workers along the way. 

5. Color Coding 

ANSI/ASME A13.1 recommends implementing a pipe marking color code. A color code helps improve the recognition of pipes while helping quickly alert people to the type of hazard potentially posed by a pipe's contents. 

ANSI Z535.1 safety colors standard suggests color shades be used for the best level of identification to employees with normal and color-deficient vision. There are six predefined colors to identify broad types of pipe contents and four user-identified combinations that can be used separately by each facility using the standard. 

Pipe contents	Colors	User-defined colors
Fire quenching fluids	Red marker with white text	White on black
Toxic and corrosive fluids	Orange marker with black text	White on gray
Flammable and oxidizing fluids	Yellow marker with black text	Black on white
Combustible fluids	Brown marker with white text	White on purple
Other water (potable, cooling, boiling, etc.)	Green marker with white text
Compressed air	Blue marker with white text

 

One way organizations can easily reference ANSI pipe label requirements is with a detailed pipe marking chart. This ensures quick compliance for properly color-coded pipes. 

What to Do Before Getting Started with Pipe Marking

It's a good idea for organizations to check with local authorities to make sure they are fully complying with the law before they mark their pipes. There are a few important factors to consider that could significantly affect the success of a pipe marking system, including: 

Size of the piping system: does the warehouse have a small or large piping system? Does it have multiple systems? This will help determine the most efficient labeling method to carry out a marking system.  

Condition of pipes: warehouses must evaluate the physical condition of the pipes. Are the surfaces of pipes dirty, greasy, or rusty? Organizations can apply labels with hard-to-label surfaces like these with durable valve tags and pipe grabber sleeves that provide a clean surface. 

Contents of pipes: does the warehouse have hazardous materials or extremely hot or cold contents running through its pipes? This will likely require certain supplies that can hold strong under high heat and harsh exposures to ensure the pipe labels remain intact and legible. 

Workplace environment: organizations must evaluate their facility for general hazards. Are there obstacles during day-to-day operations that could affect the condition or visibility of the labels? They need to consider things like potential exposure to weather, abrasion, and general wear and tear. 

Evaluating a facility’s piping system before implementing pipe marker labels can help prevent potential hazards and accidents down the line. 

Pipe Marking Solutions from DuraLabel

To see how to implement a labeling system in your facility, see DuraLabel’s in-depth article on getting started with pipe marking. You can also request DuraLabel’s free Pipe Marking Instant Action Guide for in-depth instructions and tools to help create an effective system. 

During the process, you'll find that choosing the right supplies is an important part of ensuring a successful system. Fortunately, there are high-quality solutions made to resist damage in challenging environments to ensure long-lasting labels. 

When you're ready to create pipe labels and other visual signals for your facility, you can rely on the DuraLabel line of industrial label and sign printers, and the PathFinder line of floor marking and safety tapes. DuraLabel products are engineered to make long-lasting identification and markings for a variety of industrial needs and are matched for pipe marking implementation. 

Ready to get started with marking in your facility? Read DuraLabel’s How to Get Started with Pipe Marking article for comprehensive instructions on implementing a pipe marking system.

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Pipe Marking Instant Action Guide
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